Friends from PAK SHAMMA SCHOOL = Doha QATAR

During the Islamic Golden Age, Muslim scientists, scholars, and writers in Spain (Al-Andalus) played a crucial role in bringing Europe out of the Dark Ages and into an era of knowledge and enlightenment. Their contributions in various fields, including science, medicine, mathematics, philosophy, and literature, laid the foundation for the European Renaissance. One of the greatest centers of learning was Cordoba, which housed magnificent libraries, universities, and scholars from diverse backgrounds. Among the prominent figures were: 1. **Al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)** – A pioneer in surgery and medicine, he authored *Al-Tasrif*, an encyclopedic medical text that influenced European medicine for centuries. 2. **Ibn Rushd (Averroes)** – A philosopher and physician who reintroduced Aristotle’s works to Europe. His commentaries on philosophy greatly influenced Western thought. 3. **Al-Majriti** – A mathematician and astronomer who refined and preserved Greek and Indian scientific knowledge, advancing algebra and astronomical calculations. 4. **Ibn Khaldun** – Though he was later based in North Africa, his ideas on history and sociology were deeply rooted in the intellectual traditions of Al-Andalus. 5. **Maimonides (Musa ibn Maymun)** – A Jewish scholar who flourished in Muslim Spain, contributing to philosophy, medicine, and theology, bridging knowledge between cultures. 6. **Ibn al-Baitar** – A botanist and pharmacist who compiled extensive works on medicinal plants, many of which influenced European medicine. The translation movement in Spain, particularly in Toledo, played a key role in transmitting this knowledge. Scholars translated Arabic scientific and philosophical works into Latin, making them accessible to European scholars. This transfer of knowledge directly influenced universities in Italy, France, and England, leading to Europe’s intellectual revival. The Muslim scholars of Spain not only preserved ancient knowledge but also expanded upon it, creating