**Genghis Khan** (c. 1162–1227), born **Temüjin**, was the founder and first Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in world history after his death. He is remembered as one of history's most brilliant and brutal military leaders, with a legacy that includes the unification of the Mongol tribes and the creation of an empire that spanned vast areas of Asia and Europe.
### Early Life
Genghis Khan was born into the Borjigin clan in the Mongolian steppes. His early life was marked by hardship, as his father was poisoned by a rival tribe, leaving his family in poverty and vulnerability. Temüjin grew up amidst a constant struggle for survival. Despite these early challenges, he quickly gained a reputation as a skilled warrior and leader.
### Rise to Power
After his father’s death, Temüjin sought to unite the scattered Mongol tribes, which were often at odds with one another. He formed strategic alliances, gained followers through both charisma and force, and gradually emerged as a powerful leader. By the early 1200s, he had managed to unite the Mongol tribes under his leadership, creating a single confederation.
In 1206, after years of warfare and diplomacy, Temüjin was proclaimed **Genghis Khan**, meaning "universal ruler," by a council of Mongol chieftains. This title marked the beginning of his imperial reign.
### Conquests and Expansion
Genghis Khan is perhaps most famous for his military campaigns, which were marked by their speed, innovation, and ferocity. His empire expanded rapidly, as he led successful campaigns across Central Asia, China, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. His army was highly disciplined, utilizing advanced tactics such as the feigned retreat, psychological warfare, and a reliance on cavalry and archery.
- **Conquest of the Khwarezmian Empire (1219–1221):** One of Genghis Khan’s most notable campaigns was his invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire, a vast state located in present-day Iran, Uzbeki